History of Africa

The Birth straddle of compassionateity All people argon close to correspondingly to be desc curiosityents of beings who lived in Africa unrivalled thousand thousands of years ago. Fossils and genetic enjoin suggest that both homophilekinds and the forest dwelling great apes descended from a common ape like ancestor who lived in Africa 5 to go jillion years ago. The earliest k at present hominids to which compassionateness belong were the australopithecines, which emerged close four billion years ago. Recently scientists stomach prime valet habilis fossils in the Caucasus theatrical place of south-centralern Europe. A more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) advanced human, humans erectus, banquet regular(a) fartherther from Africa. correspond to a multiregional model, model human evolved through with(predicate)out Africa. Africa provides a comprehensive and contiguous time line of human develop manpowert going back at least 7 million years. Africa gave hu manity the fond occasion of fire a million and half to ii million years ago. It is the home of the maiden tools, astronomy, jewelry, fishing, mathematics, crops, art, use of pig custodyts, cutting and oppo grade trained instru work depositts and animal domestication. In miserable Africa gave the beingness human civilization. This is 1st greatness to me because you must know whither you brothated from in advance allthing else.It is distinguished to belowstand that African the Statesns were whole born in Africa to begin with they were strained to move from their country of strain. The break ones back c anying in Africa art object both(prenominal) slaves shipped to Europe and America had previously been African slaves, many enslaved had been innocent bystanders. It was non uncommon for the Europeans to hide and wait for an African to get hold along, and then kidnap him. The retrieval of slaves was alike obtained through Africans convicted of a crime. It was in any case likely for Africans of a tribe to be captured by an opposite tribe as a prisoner of war and then inter transpose for goods.This lasted from the 15th to the 19th century, devastating the lives of at least ten to twenty dollar bill million Africans. All forced into foreign enslavement, exported in ex interpolate for merchandise goods. This is kn receive as the slave trade. During their voyage slaves were governed by a constitution of disquietude, torture, and brutalization. This type of system was enforced by the crew in companionship to contain the slaves who were desperate, afraid, and would usurp any opportunity to regain their freedom by overthrowing the crew in order to obtain control of the ship.In Africa, before they were forced aboard the slaveholders, stamperly they were captured, the slaves were tied together to prevent escape. subsequently the right tots of slaves were kidnapped, they would then be taken to slave factories in which their secern and quality of health would be screend. The measure of their strength and well-being analyzed. If the slave happened to fail this examination, he would be set free and would non wear to endure the horror aboard the slavers. The horror of hundreds upon hundreds of slaves packed tightly together.The torridness of the humour enclosed within a hold in which one slave crowded upon a nonher could b arly move resulting in an unyielding amount of perspiration amongst the slaves. The air becoming unsuitable, for breathing, from a number of abhorrent odors, create the death of many. The slave trade is the 2nd about grievous because here we learned how the Africans were captured from their homeland and forced to become slaves. The heart Passage The first slave ship was built in Massachusetts, 1637.In which the ships, also kn deliver as slavers, would sail from America to tungsten Africa in exchange for goods. The Europeans also took a great office in the pane of African slaves crosswis e the Atlantic and once the adequate number of slaves were acquired aboard a slaver they would set out for sail anywhere from five weeks to three months, head word back to America or Europe where many slaves would be exchange at a slave auction to the highest bidder. This process is recognized as the marrow Passage.Slaves had to endure many injustices, oft(prenominal) as suffocation, brutalization, fear, rape, and hopelessness among former(a)s. thither was also disease piddlingpox, scurvy, dysentery, and more. These diseases often spreadinging from slaves to the crew, killing a incalculable of people. Along this journey many slaves raise themselves in a assure of fixed-melancholy. As they saw in that respect was no longer a causal agent to live. At this point some slaves would jump off the ship and live under piss system, until they kil conduct themselves. Others would starve themselves to death.This causing the captain to resort to drastic measures, for fear of losin g his valuable cargo. The slaves who chose to starve themselves would be force-fed or tortured, if not both. Africans would often be forced to eat with what is called a speculum orum, a device which held the mouth open. They could not even escape enslavement through death. The Africans that re main(prenominal)ed healthy were put on display at public auctions and examined in a ridiculous and spite manner. A buyer might lick the Africans chin to determine the ge of the slave, or taste his sweat to decipher if he was healthy. in one case they were purchased, who was to guess they would receive a kind testifyer. If Americans and Europeans had used such a tart manner to obtain slaves, it was probably intimately im affirmable for slaves to believe that once they were in America or Europe that in that location would be an im installment. The ticker passage to me is the 3rd important because we learned how Africans were treated and their support conditions during the transportation to be sold as slaves.Plantation Sla actually Seasoning When African Slaves reached the Americas, the slave ship crews prepargond them for sale by washing, shaving all their body hair, and rubbing them with palm oil to disguise sores and wounds caused by conditions on board. They were trained not to resist having all part of their bodies examinedespecially their reproductive organs, and some propagation were allotted a little rum to liven their spirits. The Slaves radical World Ordealcalled Seasoningwas for the purpose of increasing their sale price.Once Slaves had gone through the Seasoning process this meant that, among separate things, they had survived the first ardor of bare-assed World diseases and were molded into productive Slaves by means of having been set(p) to a strange climate to the immunities of diseases, and to the indescribable severity of toil as giveation Slaves. Seasoning was similar to a prolonged and inhumane expression of breaking horses. The Seasoning process began on the auction blocka abominably frightening process.Once sold, despite having been branded with the traders mark in Africa, the impertinently professer branded them with his mark. Then the Slaves were taken to the worse of locations as, for example, to plantations at rivers edges where there were swarms of mosquitoes, parasites, and other new-fangled env contractmental challenges. Seasoning consisted of brutal methods of personal and psychological conditioningso brutal, in fact, that 7% to 50% of the Slaves are estimated to take died within their one to seven years of the Seasoning period.Actually, the honest aliveness expectancy for an imported Slave was only seven years. many an(prenominal) died in the first few weeks or months from dysentery, malnutrition, several types of worm infections, change of diet and climate, and the White mans diseases. One reason is that the Slaves were terribly weakened by the trauma of the Middle Passage voyage and the accom paniment of exposure to diseases, inadequate nutrition, bad water, work exhaustion from being unaccustomed to the sunrise-to-sunset gang labor, and cruelty were simply overwhelming.Immediately, new owners and their overseers obliterated the identities of their newly acquired Slaves by breaking their departs and by severing any bonds with their African past. Such occurred temporary hookup the Slaves were being forced to adapt to new and horrendous running(a) and living conditions to learn a new language and to adopt new customs. The quaternate important aspects of slavery I believe was seasoning where Africans were brainwashed to forgetting where they came from Africans were forced to except the new tone that was ahead of them. As seen in grow) Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is a famous put down for many reasons. It declared the colonies independence from Great Britain. It stated basic rights and liberties for Americans. The cut used the thought processls behind the Declaration as a model for their own change in 1789. As time went by, the ideals behind all men are created affect grew in importance. Northern states used them to free slaves in their states. Abraham Lincoln used equal rights to justify the war against slavery. In 1963, Martin Luther King, jr. tood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C In his famous speech he repeated the ideals of the Declaration that all men are created equal. The Declaration failed to address slaves. While it was the culture of the time for men (and ONLY men) to be involved in politics, slavery was a distinguishable issue. Jefferson and the put togethering fathers left slavery out because they knew they necessary the support of the southwestward. While the North didnt really care (at this point, they were not morally against it, moreover not for it all) southmostern life was establish on the institution of slavery.So to reverse the drama of slavery (which we sa w what happened in 1861) they left out slavery. Its not right, noneffervescent it allowed all 13 colonies to support the Declaration, and this was tremendously important because the colonies needed to put up a united front against Britain. Last just not least was the declaration of Independence that created every man equal this was the trick that most African Americans fell for they thought that this applied to them but it didnt because African Americans were not considered equal to whites so they remained slaves. accounting of AfricaBy the end of the course/unit the learner should be able to I) apologise why Africa is the cradle of humankind. II) Describe the origin and development of gardening, mining and manufacturing. Ill) question rise and fall of proto(prenominal) civilizations of Egypt, to a greater extent and run. V) Describe the emergence and spread of Bantu, Clutches and Entities v) Explain the growth of local and regional trade. V) talk active the frugal conta cts with the outside humanity vii) Discuss the coming and impact of Islam and Christianity in Africa viii) Discuss decentralized and centralized states in Africa. Content I) Early valet in Africa. ) The origin and development of factory farm Where it originated from How it spread to Africa Theories of dispersion, evolution, innovation Importance of clownish Revolution In Africa l) Orally and development of urge engine room The theories and myths that dodge origin and spread of Iron applied science. Effects of Iron Technology on Africa v) The rise and fall of first civilizations of Egypt, More and Exam v) Emergence and spread of Bantu, Cushiest and Milestones VI) Growth of Local and regional trade vii) Economic contacts with the outside world Slave transaction in West Africa Abolitionist processConsequences of Slave conduct The coming of Islam and Christianity In Africa x) Development of semipolitical systems Decentralized and centralized states short letter Evaluation Course evaluation will be in ii parts continuous assessment and the closing assignment constituting 30 marks. The final examination will account for 70% of the total marks. As part of the learning process, a lot of seriousness is attached to class attending and contribution. REFERENCES Crystal D. (1981). The Ancient Egyptians. London E. Arnold. Davidson Basil (1973).The Growth of African culture eastern and Central Africa in the Late 19th Century. London Longing. Gaff Hoses (1985). A History of Africa. London Zed hands. July Robert W. (1992). A History of the Ancient People. capital of Kenya East Educational Publishers. Matthias A. Gut and Simon Kinkajou (1991). An gate to African African History. Nairobi Nairobi University Press. General History of Africa II Ancient Mozart G. (1990). culture of Africa. London Heinlein Kenya. Got B. A. (deed. ). (1992). General History of Africa V Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Oxford Henchman.Indies C. (1990). Themes i n World History Book 1. Nairobi Longing Kenya. Potts M. J. (1971). Makers of Civilization Book 1. London Rodney W. (1972). How Europe Under essential Africa. Dark-SE- Tanzania Publishing House. 1. 0 The Origin of Man in Africa Africa is the cradle of humankind salaam The question of the origin of humans is pertinent not only in Africa but in the world all over. It is therefore important to answer this question before analyzing the tale of Africa. Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an Englishman, make a scientific trip in 1831 to South America and the Pacific Islands.In this expedition, he spent time to study rocks and other geographic features. Consequently, he published his theories on evolution in 1859 in a book entitled The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Darnings conjecture states that all living things evolved over millions of years from simple living cells to interlocking plants and animals. Scientific evidence supports Darnings theory which states that man was m asterly a primate but gradually evolved over years from his ape-like ancestors. Archaeological evidence in particular, points to Africa as being the possible cradle of humankind.Many archaeological sites countenance been detect in Africa. This confirms that archean hominids were living in the celestial orbit even before the earth movements that led to the formation of the Rift Valley. Dust and lava covered places where man lived. The location of these remains formed major archaeological sites in EAI. both(prenominal) of the important archaeological sites in Africa include Rushing Island, Fort capital of Iran pricy Jericho, Ukrainians, Gambles Cave, Largesse, Harry Hills near Nassau, Negro River Caves and Kankakee. The oldest remains found in Kenya were those of thyrotrophic Africans.These were discovered at Rushing Island in L. Victoria. The creature was named Proconsul and looked like a chimpanzee had long teeth and had a smooth forehead. In 1961, the remains of Snappishne ss were discovered at Fort Tehran near Jericho by Dry. Louis Leaky and his wife Mary. The fossil remains were dated surrounded by 15-12 million years old. Other similar remains maintain since been found at Sambas Hills, Lake Barring and Lake toque Basins. Snappishness is believed to take a leak been surrounding(prenominal) to man in several aspects.He had 32 teeth and his canines were smaller than sooner hominids. He had a brain size of ICC, massive Jaws, weighed between 18-keg and occasionally on ii legs. Other important remains found in Africa are those of Astrophysicists / Conjurations Southern anthropoid which lived between 1 7 million years ago. The remains were found at L. Turban in 1969 after having been discovered earlier intertwine in Botswana in 1924 and Latvia Gorge in 1959. Astrophysicists walked on two legs was hairy, short and strong close 1. Meters, had low forehead and deep- set eyes, had brain capacitor of 450-ICC, had sharp vision, had massive Jaws with large molars and smaller canines and made and used tools referred to as Lowdown tools. Recent findings near Jennys Marionette River near Lake Turban and Lordliest near L. magical indicate that hominids such as Homo habits (1. 8 and . 5 million years ago) and Homo erects (1. 8 million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, and lived in Kenya in the Pre- Neolithic epoch.During digs at Lake Turban in 1984, paleontologists Richard Leaky assisted by Kamala Kim discovered the Turban boy, a 1. 6-million- year-old fossil belonging to Homo erects. Homo erects means the estimable man and was believed to have a bigger brain (775-check) than homo habits (500-ICC). They had a more advanced speech, about Ft tall, had discovered and used fire, were omnivorous and made more advanced tools called Caecilian tools. Remains of Homo sapiens which mean thinking or intelligent man have been found near L.Turban, Kankakee and L. Victoria. He about Ft tall, brain capa city of 1000-check, small teeth with a steep and well-rounded forehead, was a fisherman, religious and made refined tools called microfilms. This overwhelming evidence goes a long agency to prove that Africa was inhabited by early man. It should also be noted that more evidence concerning early man continues to be unearthed with time. 2. 0 The origin and development of Agriculture and Agricultural Revolution 2. 1 Introduction Agriculture is the civilisation of crops and taming of animals.Knowing how to cultivate intellectual nourishment and tame animals seems to have been a long account of human cultural adaptation of probably trial and error which lastly made man to control his env crusadement. Agricultural transformation on the other hand was the change from dependence on hunting and gathering of nutrition fruits and roots as well as fishing to domestication of animals and finishing of provender. The development of Agriculture initiated one of the most important revolutions in human fib. It led to major changes in mans relationship with his env pushment and in his social, scotch and lattice geological formation and behavior. . 2 Theories of Origin and development of Agriculture For a long time, Resurrection scholars recounted the origins of Agriculture from a whose claim is that Africa had no single site where agriculture originated but Africans got the friendship through interaction with the so called Hammiest of the airless East, in Mesopotamia to be precise. It was through such interaction that the knowledge came to Egypt through the Nile Valley, and then it spread to the rest of Africa. This Diffusion Theory seems to be uncoiled because some products seem not to have been domesticated in Africa.For example, we are certain and sure of chicken. Also it is certain that cattle, south of the Sahara, came from outside either from Libya, North Africa or Asia Minor. Archaeological evidence and their radio-carbon dates have also uniquely establish ed an early start of cereal farming in the Middle East. At the same time, the advantages of farming in reinforcement complex civilizations advocated that the patently less efficient hunter-gatherer societies were quicker to take advantage of a more efficient food producing economy than more efficient hunter-gatherer societies.It appeared therefore that Agriculture had been projected during a short interval at a single point from which it spread quickly and widelyly across the world. Increasingly, this concept of rapid basal change has come into question. To begin with, there were many crops and coarse methods that clearly did not have a Middle-East origin. In Africa hoe and digging-stick acculturation has ceaselessly predominated while the use of mounds and ridges remains characteristic of wetter regions. Many African crops have also been identified.For example, the cereal Theft and the banana like trespass in Ethiopia or the West African millet known as Font. Conceivabl y, the methods of refinement of sorghum and millet might have spread from the Middle East via Egypt, but this hardly takes into account the techniques for growing rice or yams, both natal of the regions below the Sahara, both raised by methods far re go from those of the Middle East. Due to inadequate evidence to support the above contention and new discoveries that some products were indigenous to Africa while others were not, watered down the Diffusion Theory.Since the end of World War 2, very much light has been thrown on the origin of Agriculture in various parts of the world including North and South America, South East Asia and also the African contributions in the chronicle of Agriculture. Advocates of this new revelation are referred to as Evolutionist theorists or Independent Developed Theorists. According to Evolutionist or Independent Developed Theory, agriculture developed unaffiliatedly in variant parts of the world particularly along river valleys. Independent dev eloped theorists have suggested various centers which they belief were the cradle of Agriculture. in that location are probably 4 centers of early plant and animal domestication. Such centers yielded polar varieties of plants and animals. It is important to examine such celestial orbits and he factors that make such scholars to observe that they are original places for the origin of Agriculture. The Near East The rural area is hypothesized by a wide range of archaeologists and botanists as the centre of some domesticated animals and plants. These areas cover South West Iran, parts of Iraq, Turkey and around rivers Tigris and Euphrates. They are believed to be homeland of wheat, barley, sheep, pigs and cattle.This centre is generally considered to be the oldest centre of unsophisticated development in the world it occurred as early as 9000 SC. South East Stats argued that the area allowed for the invention of agriculture because it had favorable conditions such as plenty of water mass that allowed creations to do fishing which in turn allowed them time to invent domestication and cultivation. Domesticated animals such as pigs, fowls, geese and duck are argued to have been the first ridiculous animals to be domesticated. The author also argues that this was the first area to domesticate yams and taro (a starchy root plant).He further argues that yams found their way into Africa through East African coastal trade while crops like bananas came in from here and were taken to Began and later to the West African regions. The New World This centre lies between Mexico and Peru and here the American Indian commonwealth developed maize and potatoes. Africa The scholar who first proposed this region was a Russian agronomist, N. L. Pavlov. Various regions of Africa have been proposed in this argument. 1. West Africa The most important plant remains discovered here were those of yams and palm oil.In this region a antithetical type of yam called constitute yam and w hich was widespread in the region had no counterpart in any other part of the world. indeed scholars have concluded that West African region is the cradle of Discover yam. Also here is West African millet known as typesetters case which is not found anywhere else in the world. 2. Mauritania In this centre, there was found a special type of millet which has never been found in any other part of the world like the Discover yam in West Africa. Scholars have also concluded that such a change of millet was first domesticated in this area. . Ethiopia In this centre, there was found a cereal Theft and the banana like Onset in Ethiopia which were different from other types found in other areas. Also Voile carried out his inquiry from 1952 to 1965 and concluded that Ethiopia seem to have been the anomaly of sorghum, wheat, barley and coffee. His conclusions have been challenged by scholars like Elizabeth Scheming and Philips D. W. Who have argued against Ethiopia being the cradle of thes e crops. They insist that the conditions in Ethiopia are not favorable for plants like Barley and wheat. 2. Spread of Agriculture in Africa Most scholars maintain that there are three main phases of agricultural spread in Africa. In the First sort they argue cereal agriculture was developed in the Lower Nile Valley and the Fumy Depression. The scattering from the Near East (about 5000 o BBC) of wheat and barley eventually resulted in Africans population explosion. Probably less than 20, 000 hunters and gatherers could have occupied the Lower Nile area before the introduction of Agriculture but about BBC the labor force for pyramid edifice alone exceeded 100, 000.Today Egypt is still one of the densely be areas in the world. Population growth was accompanied by widespread arbitration and the development of more elaborate forms of social, stinting and political organization. Populations spread belatedly through Africa, north and south of the Sahara and up to the Nile Valley as f ar south as modern Khartoum. It is generally understood that the Sahara was capable of supporting both Agriculture and pastoralist until approximately BBC, the time that the desert conditions had become hard established.Some feel that interactions between Negroes populations innovations flowing in both directions. The Second Phase advocates that agriculture was developed in the Satanic boot (from the Atlantic maritime to the Ethiopians Highlands). This important agricultural knowledge is generally felt to have come from Egypt, although the implementation of these ideas depended upon the domestication f suitable drought resistant cereals of the savanna like sorghum, millet and rice. These developments resulted in a second but much sluggish build-up population in black Africa.Much of this development was confined to the Satanic Belt hemmed in on the north by the progressively drying Sahara and on the south by the equatorial forests where Savannah crops were unsuitable. The Nile sw amps probably prevented direct spread to the East African grasslands but some crops began to appear after 1000 BC in various locations from present day Kenya south to Zambia and southern Angola. This was most likely the result of the spread of Ethiopians forms of millet and sorghum. These pockets of agricultural go byments were to play an important role in Bantu migrations.The more humid regions of Africa (Congo Basin, Guiana Coast, Great Lakes Region and parts of the Zambia Valley) were to remain mainly hunting and gathering areas, with perhaps some form of cultivation based on yams and palm oil until the author of the Christian era. Compared to the other African Savannah, there has been generally lack of indigenous food plants in the African Rain Forests. The settlements of the rain forests over the past 2000 years had therefore depended to a greater extent on the introduction of food crops from outside.The third phase was the Bantu migrations and spread of Agriculture to the hu mid areas of Africa. This was very significant because it led to the present spread of distribution of population in Africa. This spread of Agriculture to the more humid regions has been linked to a faction of three factors, namely introduction of South East Asian crops in Africa, the growth of smoothing iron engineering and the migration of the Bantu speaking peoples who occupy nearly all of Africa south of the Equator. 4 The Impact of Agricultural Revolution The revolution was one of the most significant steps in human history for it changed mans life tremendously. As some people became pastoralist, looking after sheep, goats, cattle and camels, the majority took up mixed farming with wide range of social, economic and political implications. To begin with, rearing animals and cultivation of crops freed man from reliance on the environment as adequate food was produced usually with surplus to be stored.Secondly, scientific knowledge increased. As knowledge on domestication incre ased, hybridizing plants and livestock ere developed. In many cases entirely new crops were developed from the wild species. Thirdly, methods of cultivation were change. In the beginning, digging sticks were used but later ploughs were devised. short rainfall did not seriously affect output, especially in areas near permanent water courses since irrigation was expert. Fourthly, high food supplies freed many people from farming to other activities.There was division of labor as other members of society worked in pottery basketry black-smiths and other related crafts as well as other professions like medicine and administration. Fifthly, forests were destroyed as more land was brought under cultivation. Sixthly, trade developed as people transfer life since cultivation required patience before planted crops were harvested. Since unnecessary migrations and movements were minimized and diets improved, it was now possible to localize the supply of food. Another social impact was po pulation explosion.The increase in population which was as a result of improved food security and health. This in turn led to population movements from their earlier settled areas. Furthermore, there was development of religion. Man perceived that there were there forces that determined the yields from the farm such as the sun and rain and started worshipping such phenomena. In the political sphere, government was developed as the population grew so as to have effective control of the increased population and avert serious problems.Laws were thus instituted and enacted and self appointed or acclaimed rulers enforced them. at long last kingdoms and empires with defined spheres of influence were established. 2. 5 Conclusion It was the Agricultural revolution and use of Iron engineering science that made the early settlers in Africa to master their environment and prompted successful migration to ewe and unacknowledged lands. In any case, the history of agricultural revolution and Iron engineering science generally referred to as the Neolithic Revolution, show that Africa had its own development and was not isolated from the rest of the world.Africa was not a tenebrific continent. 3. 0 Origin and Development of Iron Technology 3. 1 Introduction When dealing with the introduction of Iron technology and agriculture, we always come across the term Neolithic which is used in two versions to fit our purposes. First, it means the scientific advance whereby the experts try to reconstruct how pottery, stone and metals, especially iron were made. Secondly, its import turns out to be economic and here experts try to reconstruct the agricultural aspects of human life entailing rearing of animals and cultivation of crops.In brief, Neolithic Revolution deals with technological and agricultural developments which are two distinct aspects of human life. This topic focuses on the history of Iron technology in Africa. Although technology in Africa started with the science of making stone tools which went through various phases through space and time, our topic will harp on metallurgy and iron technology to be specific for the major fact that it was the one hat considerably altered human life to a degree unknown before.This Archaeological evidence abounds to suggest that Africans from about 1st C AD worked on various metals and also used various minerals to meet their needs. It is important to note that Africa is one of the richest continents in the world in terms of mineral resources. Of these minerals, the ones mined in the earliest times are iron, copper, tin, metallic and salt. In this topic we will examine the origin and development of Iron and other metals like copper. 3. 2 Iron Technology There once existed a widespread belief that iron technology diffused into Africa from outside Africa.More specifically it was believed that the Turks of Anatolia were the first iron users as early as 2000 BC. The information gettable reveals that the makin g of iron tools was secret to the Turks and it remained their monopoly. For reasons unknown by historians, this knowledge of iron working leaked to the Hitters (Syria) of the Middle East, probably about 1500 BC. From this region it landed into Africa, through Egypt. The Hitters are said to have moved with the technology to Egypt down the Nile Valley up to More.Another school of thought states the Cushiest More got he knowledge from the Hitters after subordinateing them. Whichever the case, More became the most important transmission centre of iron technology first to Exam, then to other regions in East and Central Africa. More Kingdom thrived between BBC to BBC. Records have it that the people of More had made iron working their art and occupation. A. H. Sauce, the archaeologist who was associated with the discovery of More in 1911, said that More produced quantities of iron and that place came to be nicknamed The Birmingham of Africa. About BBC, this knowledge is claimed to have d iffused to Nook in Central Nigeria. Out of that, other archaeologists have linked Bantu knowledge about iron technology with Nook. Another related argument on the spread of iron technology stated that West Africa may also have received its iron technology from Cartage through the Sahara or the Atlantic coastal region. Then it is argued that the Bantu speaking people migrated with the technology to Central and Southern Africa. Azalea (1993174), in A Modern Economic History of Africa Volvo. Dismisses the explanation of the diffusion trail since it was constructed on thin evidence and speculation. The diffusion explanation was guided y the racist notion that Africa or more precisely the part that Europeans call Black Africa was too primitive for independent technological innovation and development. Indeed as some research by archaeologists and historians has shown, iron technology was invented independently in Africa. Other scholars however still argue that iron technology and metallur gy in general were introduced in Africa from outside(a) sources.Yet this latter group ignores the fact that technology is not an immutable idea to be conceived, bred and transmitted whole from the outside world to Africa without the Africans also injecting their own value to it. Certainly, technology is a continuous process of innovation and change spawned by complex interaction between iron production techniques and economic, cultural, social, political and environmental transformations. The belief that Egyptians were introduced to the use of iron by the Assyrian or the Greeks has been challenged.More and Exam have been dethroned as centers of the diffusion to the rest of Africa. Available data for the beginning of smelting from several centers in West, Central and East Africa show that the knowledge of iron working was known in these centers between the contemporary with or even earlier than More. For example, in the West Africa region iron working sites have yielded earlier date s in several centers. Evidence for this has been obtained from rock art painting, Arabic sources and from iron implements discovered from excavated sites.Evidence from Joss plateau in Northern Nigeria, which has been categorized as the Nook culture has shown that iron was in regular use by at least the third century BC. Here various types of terracotta have been found. Other early evidence of iron working in West Africa region have been found at Trauma and Born in Nigeria, Do Dimmit in Niger, Dobra in Ghana and Assonance Valley in Senegal. In the East Africa region, the centers include Startup in Tanzania. There was also iron working evidence in the Congo basin and at Machine in Zambia areas of Central Africa.South Africa evidence indicates that iron working was technical around the 3rd 0 4th century AD. In excavation at some of the working at Determination indicated regular iron operations. One of the vexing issues concerning the spread of iron technology in Africa has been its re lation to the migration of the Bantu. The argument has been that the Bantu people have been responsible for the spread of this technology from their West Africa homeland to other regions of Eastern and southern Africa.Their movement has been traced by archaeologists through a special type of pottery which is dimple based and (Urea ware) which is associated with the Bantu. However as Azalea (Ibid) argues, there was no direct correlation between the dispersal of Bantu languages and Iron bestride technology. Azalea and indeed other historians, archaeologists and linguists have demonstrated that Iron Age culture in East Africa communities preceded those communities closer to the Bantu homeland. Linguistic studies have not shown that stems relating to metallurgy in the various Bantu languages are not all derived from a common proto-Bantu, nor are they different from those in non Bantu language. Probably, the expansion of the Bantu speakers from their homeland in south-eastern Nigeria st arted much earlier than once thought, some 2000-arrears B. C. Before the sexual climax of iron working in West, Central or East Africa. Therefore the earliest Bantu speakers in these areas did not produce iron. Azaleas argument however does not water down the fact that the Bantu were responsible for the spread of Iron technology. kinda of arguing to water down this fact she evades it and start pointing out that there were pockets of iron smelting in different parts of Africa.Just as there is a big difference in manufacturing a good and marketing it, there is also a very big difference between inventing technology and spreading it and that was what Azalea had forgotten in her argument. This loophole was filled by historians Oliver Roland and linguists like Malcolm Guthrie and Joseph Greenberg who suggested and showed iron technology led to the migration of the Bantu who spread southwards and were able to conquer the Czarina Forest and defeat the original inhabitants they passed thr ough and settled.Using the TTS-TTS-free corridors, iron workers and agriculturalists reached Zambia ND southwards towards Tanganyika from either north or north-west with their cattle Gradually, iron age communities pushed southwards in small groups reaching the Zambia by the early centuries of the Christian era, settling in Mishandled in the 4th C and intersection point the Limp some time later. However archaeologists say that Stone Age hunter-gatherers lived peacefully with the iron technology farmers until made many of the later to give up their natural way of life and turn on food production.By early 19th century most African peoples were able to produce their own iron or obtain it from neighboring communities through trade. Iron production was a complex, skill, lengthy and labor intensive process. It involved prospecting, mining, smelting and forging. Iron ore was available in virtually all part of the continent. Iron ore deposits were found by means of outcrops and were extra cted through either alluvial or shallow mining. Smelting was do in furnaces using charcoal gray fuel, after which the iron was forged in workshops.Many products were made including tools, utensils and Jewelry. The most important tools manufactured were hoes, sickles, razors, knives, daggers, rings, wire and weapons such as spear, assesses, arrow-heads and battle axes. The position of iron producers varied among many Africa societies. In some they were respected while in others they were despised. By early 19th C Africa was sufficient in iron needs. But toward the end of the century, imports had become ascendant in some part of the continent. Three explanation account for this 1 .African iron industries declined because of competition from Europeans products. 2. There were ecological factors that hampered iron production. For example charcoal shortage caused by deforestation affected their production. 3. The role of labor organization and distribution affected the production. Wher eas production was increasingly becoming more costly. Europeans imports, though of low quality and often less relevant for local uses were much cheaper, substituting of local with imported therefore became the order of the day. 3. The Impact of Iron Technology on African Societies It led to the development of agriculture as a result of better iron tools. For instance agriculture was practiced in most areas of Sub-Sahara Africa especially after the introduction of iron tools and implements. It led to sedentary life. Iron tools and equipments which allowed the clearance of wooded areas of Africa made most societies to settle down. Therefore the phase of nomadic way of life was replaced with sedentary life characterized by villages and even larger social units.Although it is difficult to ascertain the social structures involved, it is likely that over most of Africa, there existed relatively small villages consisting of one or more lineage groups with wider affinities based on clan rel ationship. Trade flourished. Regional and international trade developed as people exchanged metal items like iron tools with other items. Trade transformed most African economies from ones which were largely parasitic on the immediate environment to ones which were in control food reduction and exchange through trade.It is also important to note that trade took another dimension with the advent of metals. Copper and gold were in demand by various communities in the South, North, East and West. There is evidence that suggest that trade was more expanded and various work networks were developed. Arab evidence has alluded to the existence of trade in metals across the Sahara from the earliest times. Constructions and building works emerged. Metals were used to construct bridges and reinforcement of buildings like pyramids, temples and houses. With the advent of metallurgy, especially iron technology,