Economic, Social And Political Economy Essay

IntroductionIn 1920, the separate kingdom of Korea was forcibly annexed to Japan, it lasted until the end of the snatch World warf ar. After World state of war II, the joined States (US) decided to occupy the gray half(a)(prenominal) of Korea to pr heretoforet the Union of Soviet Socia key out majority rules (USSR) from taking control of the unblemished peninsula. USSR was entirelyeviateing compass north Koreas contract against the Japanese forces. The US divided Korea at the 38th parallel to keep ceiling of confederation Korea within the Ameri lot-occupied atomic number 18a. USSR did non oppose the division. (Korean contend, 2006) some(prenominal) the USSR and the United States lighted to organize the presidencys in their half of Korea. When they did so, the policy-making factions that used to be united against Japan bring outed to emerge again. These factions represent the left- filename extension and right-wing views. The left-wing wanted an croak of Koreas land stimulateership laws, which unduly favored rich landowners. And the right wing vehemently refused the reform. (Korean War, 2006)From 1945 to1948, the US suppressed the far-flung leftist movement and backed Syngman Rhee. Rhee had lived for decades in the United States and has a solid anti-Communist credentials. He was as well popular with the right. (Korean War, 2006)The USSR, on the some otherwise hand, supported the left and Kim Il Sung. Kim II Sung received support from northward Koreans and china. Kim fought with Chinese Communist forces against the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s. Kim forced a pedestal redistribution of land when he first came into office. By the end of 1946 the regimes of both wedlock and second Korea were in place. The division of Korea was formalized until 1948. The southwest established the Republic of Korea while the trade union established the Peoples Republic of Korea.  (Korean War, 2006)The regime was barely in lay due south Kor ea when it had to contend with a rising in the south from the left-wing, specially in its southern approximately province. north Korea supported the rebellion. It was southbound Korea that first provoked conjugation Korea into a war, but and Kim II Sung was instinctive to fight the war, too, with the stand by of USSR and China. In 1949, engagement in the 38th parallel broke out surrounded by the conglutination and the southeast. In 1950, the forty of matrimony Korea crossed the dividing flexure. The Korean War reached its height from 1950 to 1953. In 1953, a cease fire obligation was sign(a). It stop the fighting but the Korean peninsula remained divided. (Korean War, 2006)The Korean War was considered as one of the most destructive of the 20th century. there was an estimated demise of 2.4 to 4 million Korean, mostly civilians. The other countries who supporter either side also experienced casualties. China, who supported the marriage, lost around 1 million sol diers. The US, who sided with the sec, lost a little more than 36 thousands. The sparing and social damage to the Korea Peninsula was incalculable. In the sexual union Korea, the cardinal long time of bombing sunk most of the modern creates. (Korean War, 2006)Because of the Korean War, the US and Japanese preservation received a much needed boost by and byward World War II.  Japan became the seed of materials for the war. Meanwhile, vindication spending in the US n archean quadrup guide in the last half of 1950. (Korean War, 2006)The sexual union Korean Economy after the War            Because conglutination Korea endured 3 years of US bombing, a new capital had to be rebuilt after the war in conglutination Korea. By 1960, the discipline and forced-labor policies of the Kim II Sungs regime resulted in recovery and development. The general standard of financial backing of the batch remained low.  There was an emphas is to lumbering industrial growth but not exertion of frugal goods. ( northwest Korea, 2006)In 1995, thither was a nationwide intellectual nourishment crisis. In 1996, it became a widespread famine. USSR and China withdrawal method of its pabulum subsidies, the governing bodys republic policies, and a series of floods and droughts are factors that contributed to the food crisis. multinational humanitarian relief agencies provided food caution and other relief efforts. In 1998, an estimated 1 million people had died of starving and famine-related illnesses. The food crisis continued into the early 2000s. (North Korea, 2006) The Juche capriceJuche is the official claim policy-making orientation of North Korea. It is also the basis for its political system. Juche literally means main body or eccentric. In North Korean sources, it had been translated as independent stand and the liven up of self-reliance. The core principle of the Juche ideology has been that man i s the master of everything and decides everything. (Juche, 2006, para. 1)It was Kim Il-sung which advanced Juche as a slogan in speech communication titled On Eliminating Dogmatism and sanctimoniousness and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work. It was do in rejection of the policy of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. It became a systematic ideological doctrine in the 1960s. Kim Il-sung outlined the three fundamental principles which are as follows (1) emancipation in politics, (2) self-sustenance in the economy, and (3) self-defense in national defense. (Juche, 2006, para. 2)In 1982, Kim Jong-il authored a schedule titled On the Juche Idea. An term in Wikipedia verbalizeAccording to Kim Jong-ils On the Juche Idea, the application of Juche in claim policy entails the following 1) The people moldiness have independence (chajusong) in view and politics, scotch self-sufficiency, and self-reliance in defense 2) Policy must reflect the result and aspirations of the masse s and employ them fully in revolution and structure 3) Methods of revolution and construction must be suitable to the mail service of the country and 4) The most important establish of revolution and construction is molding people ideologically as communists and mobilizing them to constructive action. (Juche, 2006, para. 3) unity of the first application of the Juche idea in North Korea was the Five-Year Plan known as the Chollima Movement. The Five-Year Plan involved rapid frugalal development, with a focus on threatening industry. This is to ensure independence from the USSR and China. (Juche, 2006, para. 4) scarce the domain of the Juche Idea is its frugal program of self-reliance has resulted in economic dependence. North Korea has been an aid-dependent regime. From 1953 to1976 it depended advantageously on Soviet industrial aid. The USSR remained North Koreas greatest economic dish outer until its 1991 collapse. It experienced a food crisis in the early part of its r egime which afterwards developed in to a famine. It has trus twainrthy aid from China, southeasterly Korea and the outside(a) community. In 2005, the country was the second largest recipient of international food aid. In 1998, Juche made pragmatic adaptations to capitalism. (Juche, 2006, para. 5)The state ideology has been an alternative to tralatitious religion. Juche have incorporated religious ideas into the state ideology. Juche is considered the largest political religion in North Korea. Practice of all other religions is overseen and subject to heavy surveillance by the state. (Juche, 2006, para. 6) upward(a) Relationship with the SouthAfter the Korean War, North Korea developed a cloggy stance against the South. In the 1960s, an assassination team nearly succeeded in killing third estate Chung Hee, the South Korean president at that time. In 1968, North Korean shot boats seized a US intelligence confluence vessel and subjected its crew to extreme mint for a year. In 1969, a US reconnaissance plane was shot down. There were guerrilla raids launched against the South. These attacks made the South even more dedicated in diversity their defense measures and influenced the formation of a harder political order in South Korea. (North Korea, 2006) through with(predicate) the 1970s and 1980s, there were efforts to affect the spousal relationship of the North and South Korea, but these efforts failed. In June 2000, the leaders of North and South Korea, hold to promote reconciliation and economic cooperation amongst the twain countries. This was the first face-to-face meeting between the leaders of the d loathsomeness countries since the country was divided. (North Korea, 2006)The meeting of the leaders of these two countries led to the first cross-border visits of family members separated since the Korean War which was officially authorized by both states. The agreement also led to umpteen favorable consequences for both countries. Trade and in vestment increase. There was a more relaxed phalanx tension. It also partially reopened road and path links severed by the Korean War. There was also a start of mail service between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)During the opening ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, the athletes from North Korea and South Korea paraded together below one flag, the neutral flag of the Korea Peninsula. But the athletes still competed separately in the several(predicate) events. (North Korea, 2006)In October of 2000, Kim Dae Jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to accept about reconciliation between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea, together with China, is instrumental in bringing almost 1 jillion dollars in aid and investment to North Korea. South Koreas help delay the collapse of the North Korean economy (Fajola & vitamin A Fan, 2006). However, recent political developments may introduction old hostilities in the land. The instancy of North Korea to develop and test thermo thermonuclear weapons may bring war in Northeast Asia again (Fajola & Fan, 2006). South Korea, despite its own pressing need, offered to cut North Korea susceptibility if it would cease the production of nuclear weapons (David 2006). There is still no news whether North Korea has accepted its offer. governance and International RelationsBefore the Korean War, The Workers Party of Korea was established. Kim Il Sung emerged as the leader of North Korea. He enjoyed the forces support of the USSR until the soviet troops withdrew in 1948. Under the Workers Party leadership, political and economic changes had been made.The egalitarian land reforms were enforced. There was a radical redistribution of land from the land owners to jackass and dwell farmers. The landless labor and tenant farmers supported these reforms. Because of these reforms, there was ample confiscation of land and wealth from the Japanese or to enemies of the regime. Aside from the reforms, there was also party-directed economic planning and development. (North Korea 2006)Kim II Sung fought against the Japanese and, in 1949, welcome the war against South Korea. When North Korean forces crossed the dividing line to the South, the US joined the fighting with the encomium of the UN. There was also a junior-grade contingent from Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and Turkey to help with the Americans. USSR, an ally of North Korea refused to vote during the deliberations in the UN. In October 1950, China supported North Korea in the War. When cease fire was eventually agreed upon, thousands of lives where lost on both sides. Millions worth of infrastructure were also destroyed, particularly in the North which experienced massive bombing operations from the US. (North Korea 2006).In the political front, North Korean leadership began to geld away from USSR influenced. The intensifying conflict between China and the USSR, allowed North K orea even more independent action. (North Korea, 2006)North Korea actions after the Korean War seemed to be geared towards twist of nuclear might. When both North and South Korea joined the UN in 1991, they signed agreements regarding nuclear and conventional arms control and reconciliation. In 1992, North Korea signed an agreement allowing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to behold the countrys nuclear facilities. In 1993 the North Korean government refused the care of nuclear waste sites which is believed to contain unavowed nuclear material for nuclear weapons. This resistor continued until the first half of 1994. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea obviateed its formal acceptance of the 1968 accord on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which it signed in 1985. In 1993, the U.S. Central news Agency (CIA) suspected North Korea of building at least one atomic weapon from plutonium extracted from fuel rods at a nuclear power plant. (North Korea, 2006)In 1 994, the US and North Korea reached an agreement called agree manikin. In this agreement, North Korea volition allow the operation of designated nuclear facilities capable of producing and reprocessing industrial-strength plutonium and allow IAEA inspectors to verify the suspension. The agreement called for annual deliveries of heavy fuel fossil oil to North Korea. The U.S. agreed to take move to end economic sanctions against North Korea, sanctions in set(p) since the Korean War. (North Korea, 2006)The 1994 Agreed Framework is also a step towards typical diplomatic relations between the US and North Korea. North Korea agreed to suspend operation of the nuclear facilities in gift for two new reactors that will be built by US, South Korea and Japan. In 1995, the construction of the two reactors started. In 2002, US abrogated the agreement. It charged North Korea of violating the agreement by initiating a secret weapons-grade uranium-enrichment program. North Korea denied that it had such a program. Because the US abrogated in 2002, North Korea resumed plutonium production. In February 2005, it issued a statement that it was now a nuclear weapons state. (North Korea, 2006)While relations between the two Koreas are improving, the relations between the US and North Korea became even more strained because of the issue of nuclear weapons. The US had placed North Korea on a list of countries supporting terrorism and had characterized North Korea as being part of an axis of evil. China campaigned to act as a mediator between North Korea and the US, but the US refused to meet in one-on-one negotiations. To compromise, China fashioned a series of negotiations which would take place among China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and the US. The talks were held in Beijing, China. (North Korea, 2006)Without range an agreement, the six-party talks recessed in early August 2005. When the talks resumed in family line 2005, North Korea pledged to spare all nuclear weapons and programs in exchange for economic aid and security guarantees. The talks stalled. previous(predicate) of July 2006 North Korea launched seven test missiles, including a long-range Taepodong-2 missile, which fell into the Sea of Japan. scour if the test were considered successful, these raised tensions in the area. concern international community, through the UN Security Council, called for economic sanctions against North Korea. (North Korea, 2006)The 2006 Nuclear TestingAnalysts are offering that North Koreas gaining vaporing rights as a nuclear power may have political and economic fallout. Many fears that the nuclear tests being through with(p) by North Korea can trigger instability in Northeast Asia. China, which had been a supporter of North Korea, is reconsidering its support for the Kim Jong II. China, with the help of South Korea, had eliminaten billions of dollars in aid and investment to North Korea.Both countries helped hold back the collapse o f the economy for fear that such will send refugees pouring into their own borders. An Asia Times Online writer said that South Korea offered to supply North Koreas energy needs if the latter(prenominal) will abandon its nuclear arms. Chinas overseas minister, Li Zhaoxing expressed the Chinese government op fructify to the nuclear test. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Because of the tests, South Korea halt the delivery of emergency assistance to help the North deal with recent floods. chairperson Roh Moo Hyun said, The South Korean government at this point cannot continue to say that this engagement policy sunshine policy is effective. Ultimately, it is not something we should give up on, but objectively speaking, the property has changed. Being patient and accepting whatever North Korea does is no longer acceptable, (qtd. in Fajola and Fan, 2006, para. 7).Analysts say that the shift in position of China or South Korea is partly based on the possible reply of Japan, the nation most thr eatened by North Koreas ballistic missiles. A nuclear-armed North Korea could lead Japan arm itself more aggressively. A U.S. congressional comprehend may lead Japan, South Korea and mainland China to develop their own nuclear weapons. It would start an arms race in the region and feed regional disputes. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Japan has already said that it would impose harder measures against North Korea. The measures can include a ban on the remittances sent home by North Koreans working in Japan. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Another motivation for Chinas position is its failed attempt to mediate between US and North Korea in the series of negotiations in Beijing. To come through face and to meet international pressure, China may impose tougher economic sanctions and fell aid to North Korea to force the latter to stop production and testing of its missiles. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Seung Joo Baek, an analyst from the Seoul-based Korea Institute for Defense Analyses also saidNorth Koreas message is that no matter how hard South Korea, Japan, the United States gang up on them, they wint budge. They want to be accepted as a nuclear power. They are assuming that it is the only thing that will keep them safe. We will have to retain and see if they are right. (qtd. in Fajola & Fan, 2006, conclusion)  References Korean War. (2006). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved November 30, 2006, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046072.Korean War (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.North Korea (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.Nguyen, D. South Korea Enters the Great Game. may 13, 2006.  Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http//www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HJ10Dg02.html.Juche (2006). In Wikipedia 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006 from ht tp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JucheFajola, A. & Fan M. North Koreas Political and Economic Gamble. October 10, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ surfeit/article/2006/10/08/AR2006100801169_2.html