Video Files Formats Essays - Fertility, Cryobiology, Human Pregnancy

Video Files Formats Invitro is defined as, "In glass, as in a test tube" (Taber's cyclopedic dictionary,1993), hence with reference to invitro fertilization, the term "Test tube baby". The first ?test tube baby' was Louise Brown of England (Jonsen, A. R., 1996). Dr. Patrick Steptoe and Professor Robert Edwards combined an ovum from Mrs. Brown, and sperm from Mr. Brown cultured it in a petri dish, and reimplanted the now embryo into Mrs. Brown's uterus (Jonsen, A. R.,1996). The result was the same as a child born in the usual way, only the means to the end was different. The media had a field day with this, and since then, reproduction as we know it has changed. We now use the term "assisted reproduction" to describe a host of methods used to assist infertile couples to have children. A menagerie of large terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are used under the umbrella of this term, such as GIFT, IVF, FSH, AID, etc. The bottom line is that technology has allowed man to take yet another matter into his own hands, that may be considered "playing God". As with any new procedure or product, there are always "bugs to work out". Sometimes we can anticipate what these will be, but many times we "cross that bridge when we come to it". Such seems to be the case with assisted reproduction. Considering the complicated custody battles already occurring with regard to our"naturally made children", we have seen, and can anticipate more tangled legal webs ahead. Not much has been done to anticipate the complexities involved with assisted reproduction. In 1975, a federal law was enacted that created an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB)(Caplan, A. L., 1990). In 1979, this organization issued a report merely stating that invitro fertilization was worthy of monetary funds (Caplan, A. L., 1990). The EAB disbanded in 1979 (Caplan, A. L., 1990). In 1994, The American Society for Reproductive Medicine designed a set of ethical considerations, but compliance is voluntary (Klotzko, A. J., 1998). Since no real regulatory agency exists, IVF is done as providers see fit. The formation of The American Society for Reproductive medicine reflects the fact that there are clearly many ethical issues with regard to IVF. Three issues are the following: 1. Previously, an embryo has been a part of a woman's body. Roe vs. Wade based it's decision on abortion being part of a woman's privacy. With regard to frozen embryos which are not a part of the women's body, does she have the right to choose their fate, and does the father have equal say? 2. Do the potential parents of these embryos have the right to change their minds about becoming parents once the embryos have been frozen? 3. In complicated matters with multiple parents, does multiple parental roles with visitation rights adversely affect a child's social development? When one is discussing abortion, the argument heard most often by the advocates of pro-choice is that this is a matter of a woman controlling what goes on with her body. Furthermore, advocates claim, that as such, the elimination of the fetus falls under this right of privacy. Pro-life advocates feel that these embryos are individual human beings entitled to the right to be born. Embryos are considered life in the earliest of stages. However, what we have here are frozen embryos, suspended if you will in a state of non-life. They clearly do not reside in the woman's body as of yet, and if kept in the current state, will never give breath. It seems that the prochoicers would have to extend their definition of these being a part of the woman's body, to giving their potential to be such, meaning as well. While they are not a part of the woman's body yet, this is the intended place for them to grow, and obviously they cannot grow inside of the father, at least yet. The prolife, and paternal argument would be that these embryos are clearly not a part of the woman's body. They could be implanted in any woman, not necessarily the mother. Therefore, the mother does not have the right to abort the embryos. Furthermore, the male may have the right to claim custody for implantation in another suitable candidate other than the mother if she is unwilling. What we have in the case of Mary Davis and Junior Davis is a woman fighting to have her own embryos implanted in her own uterus. Based on some of the facts above however, does the father now have more

Miranda vs Arizona essays

Miranda vs Arizona essays In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona for armed robbery, and for kidnapping and raping a slightly retarded 18-year-old woman. He already had a record for armed robbery, and juvenile record including attempted rape, assault, and burglary. While in police custody he signed a written confession to the crime. After the conviction, his lawyers appealed, on the grounds that Miranda did not know he was protected from self-incrimination. The police did not tell Miranda of his right to counsel when he was arrested. The chief justice at the time Earl Warren established the Miranda Rights. These rights make it so that the police have to inform the person that they are taking custody over their rights. These rights include the right to remain silent; that any thing they say can be used against them in a court of law; they have the right to the presence of an attorney; and that, if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them prior to any questioning if t hey so desire. Miranda was not informed of his rights so any confessions that he that he made prior to his rights being read could not be used against him. Although Miranda confessed to rape and kidnapping he could not be prosecuted because of it. So the first court ruling where he was found guilty had to be disposed of. So he appealed the court decision and brought the case all the way up to the Supreme Court. Miranda appeal made it to the Supreme Court. Miranda was pleading that he was not informed of his rights to a lawyer according to the 6th amendment. Also he was not informed about his right to remain silent. These are the reasons why Miranda made his appeal. In Supreme Court the conviction was overthrown. In a ruling issued in 1966, the court established that the accused have the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the p ...